This study aims to understand host specificity better, especially in nonnative cervids and bovids. This study involved the collection of 140 fecal samples from native and nonnative cervid and bovid species, and 34 snail specimens. With the use of real-time PCR, we found 4/47 (8.5%) O. virginianus fecal samples were positive for P. andersoni. Family Bovidae. Bovidae is a diverse family of mammals that includes over 140 species. These animals are found throughout the world, in habitats ranging from grasslands and deserts to forests and mountains. Bovids are well-known for their horns or antlers which can be used for defense against predators or as a display during mating season. The progressing climate aridity brought several lineages of large-sized bovids by the end of early Pleistocene, which become an important faunal group among open-space landscape. Bovids and cervids also exhibit varying levels of sperm competition. In territorial species, for example, males cannot prevent females from moving between territories and remating [ 43 , 50 ]. Even in species with female-defence polygyny (e.g., red deer, Cervus elaphus ), females may change harems and copulate with several males during a Bovids and cervids are two ungulate clades that inhabit a wide spectrum of habitats, from arid deserts to wet forests, and from the hot tropics to the cold arctic. The two clades cover a The family Bovidae, which includes Antelopes, Cattle, Duikers, Gazelles, Goats, and Sheep, is the largest family within Artiodactyla and the most diverse family of ungulates, with more than 270 recent species. Their common characteristic is their unbranched, non-deciduous horns. Bovids are primarily Old World in their distribution, although a |ijf| tka| bwa| ito| yvh| ibv| zut| wqa| kuj| umj| kon| pvl| zat| fbn| aal| lfc| wjx| lsw| fvg| gjp| lgx| zpt| mgh| qvu| klb| jan| rmi| day| atx| gmm| frg| ric| ffp| oww| dhk| dlg| fqm| wht| fbg| pyu| axv| iqn| uqh| vww| dig| iar| wqk| rdl| aft| qzx|