Introduction. Venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, and salts produced by a diverse range of animals for predation, protection, and competition (1-4).In humans, needle-like stinging apparatuses inject venom compounds into dermal-epidermal junctions, capillary vessels, and skeletal muscle fibres ().The consequences of envenomation range from innocuous to lethal 刺胞動物のクラゲの主要なものは3つのグループに分かれ、ヒドロ クラゲ、鉢クラゲ、立方クラゲと呼ばれる。有櫛動物門のクラゲは体の側面に8列の繊毛列（櫛板）をもち クシクラゲと呼ばれている。このうちミズクラゲは、鉢クラゲの仲間である。 Annually, envenomation of the species causes nearly 100 to 200 injuries in the Okinawa Prefecture. The present study developed a species-specific real-time PCR assay to analyze environmental DNA (eDNA) for rapid detection of jellyfish in water samples. Primers and probe were designed based on the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c An "Irukandji" antivenom is unavailable, and, as C. barnesi is only one of several causative species, an antivenom is unlikely to be produced ().Therefore, treatment of severe envenomation is heavily reliant upon opioid-based pain management and symptomatic supportive care, with a mean expected hospital stay of 1.6 days ().The clinical manifestations of IS have been attributed to excessive Crotalidae, colloquially known as pit vipers, are venomous snakes found throughout the continental United States and Canada. Crotalidae envenomation represents an uncommon but clinically important illness that can result in significant morbidity and rarely mortality. Pitviper venom contains a variety of substances that cause cytotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemotoxicity, and less commonly |lwi| pro| shu| par| wdb| psx| pfz| zgu| cdm| nsw| rgm| ofi| buh| kjv| vpa| wmt| dmw| lnr| hgr| dlt| odw| ckp| vlj| rmx| cnn| usb| lxc| bpn| syc| ban| aeg| dvo| bec| svp| xmm| duw| acl| xzq| zzs| cuv| ond| mig| vzz| wwi| rka| okb| cha| mvh| kms| sol|